Upper extremity phlegmasia cerulea dolens complicating supra vena cava embolism in a cervical cancer patient: case report.

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) is a rare yet severe complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), characterized by a high amputation rate and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing this condition. PCD predominantly affects the lower extremities rather than the upper extremities. We herein present a rare upper extremity PCD case accompanied with supra vena cava and pulmonary embolism in a cervical cancer patient, who presented to our institution with severe pain, edema and irreversible venous gangrene of right upper limb with no response to anticoagulation therapy. Emergency fasciotomy and amputation were performed due to the progressed venous gangrene, however, the patient developed severe infection and coagulation disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding and disseminated intravascular coagulation after the surgery. Despite medical interventions, her family chose to withdraw treatment and the patient died in ICU at the fourth day following emergency surgery.

Diagnosis and treatment of carotid-left subclavian bypass graft infection complicated with mitral valve aneurysm and perforation following hybrid TEVAR: A case report.

Hybrid thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been proved to be an effective and reliable treatment option for aortic arch diseases requiring extension of the proximal landing zone. However, hybrid TEVAR was associated with potential risk of post-operative complications, including cerebral infarction, endoleaks and paraplegia. Here we reported a rare case of bypass graft infection complicated with mitral valve aneurysm and perforation following landing zone 2 hybrid TEVAR procedure, who presented with symptoms of fever, major bleeding and anastomotic pseudoaneurysm and received emergency bypass graft removal and stent implantation with acceptable short and midterm follow-up results.

[Establishment and Validation of an Animal Model of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Beagles Through Vascular Patch Angioplasty and Elastase Infusion]. / äººå·¥è¡€ç®¡è¡¥ç‰‡æˆå½¢ç»“åˆå¼¹åŠ›è›‹ç™½é ¶çŒæ³¨æ³•æž„å»ºæ¯”æ ¼çŠ¬è ¹ä¸»åŠ¨è„‰ç˜¤åŠ¨ç‰©æ¨¡åž‹åŠå»ºæ¨¡æ•ˆæžœéªŒè¯.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) animal model established in beagles by way of vascular patch angioplasty combined with elastase infusion. Methods: A total of 60 beagle dogs were included in this study. Among them, 10 beagles were assigned to a control group to obtain normal abdominal aortic wall tissue, while the other 50 underwent vascular patch angioplasty combined with elastase infusion in order to establish the AAA disease model. In order to evaluate the outcome of modeling, abdominal vascular ultrasonography was performed 14 days after the modeling surgery was performed and ultrasound and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) were performed 28 days after the modeling surgery. The criterion for evaluating modeling success is that the maximum diameter of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is 50% greater than the diameter of the normal abdominal aorta below the renal artery. A total of 20 beagles of the modelling group and 5 control beagles were sacrificed 35 days after the modeling surgery and infrarenal abdominal aortic wall tissues were harvested. Then, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and elastic van Gieson (EVG) staining were conducted to observe the pathology features of abdominal aortic wall tissues. Results: A total of 50 beagles underwent the AAA modeling procedures, with the average operative and anesthesia time being (119.4±18.9) and (137.4±15.8) minutes, respectively, the average blood loss volume being (43.6±7.7) mL, the average abdominal aorta block time being (39.7±5.3) minutes during the modeling surgery, and the average abdominal aorta diameter measured during the surgery being (6.5±0.4) mm. Intraoperative mortality was 0%. Mortality within 30 days after the surgery was 2% (1 out of the 50 beagles). Postoperative ultrasound and CTA results revealed that the success rate of AAA modeling was 100%. Pathology examination suggested that the animal model rather successfully simulated the pathophysiologic changes associated with human AAA in regard to the morphological and pathological changes. Conclusion: Vascular patch angioplasty combined with elastase infusion can be used to successfully establish AAA model in beagles. The AAA modeling method described in our report demonstrates stability and reliability in aneurysm formation effect and the surgical procedures are easy to replicate. The method integrates the advantages of previous animal modeling methods and can be used to study the pathogenesis of AAA.

Management and Clinical Outcome of Aortic Graft Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of various treatment options for aortic graft infection (AGI) patients and identify factors affecting their prognosis. METHODS: The data of AGI patients from January 2008 to December 2019 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The primary endpoints were 30-day mortality and perioperative complication-related morbidity; the secondary endpoints were re-infection (RI) rates, primary and secondary graft patency, overall mortality, duration of antibiotic therapy, and the number of antibiotic types used in treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the 30-day mortality and perioperative-related complications between the conservative treatment, in-situ reconstruction (ISR), and extra-anatomic reconstruction (EAR) groups. The ISR group had lower re-infection rates and better overall survival rates than the EAR and conservative treatment groups. Different bypass graft conduits had no significant influence on the RI rate or primary and secondary graft patency. AGI patients infected with high-virulence pathogens had higher RI and overall mortality rates than those infected with low virulence pathogens, but this was not statistically significant. Initial procedures prior to the AGI also had no influence on the prognosis of AGI patients. Patients undergoing ISR or EAR surgery received antibiotic therapy for a longer duration than patients undergoing conservative treatment. Patients without RI received more types of antibiotics than patients with RI. CONCLUSIONS: ISR had lower RI rates and better overall survival rates than EAR and conservative treatment and may be a better choice for patients with AGI. Several factors were found to have no influence on patients' prognosis however, further studies are required.

Fracture of a covered stent-graft due to heterotopic ossification of residual hematoma after endovascular treatment of superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report.

RATIONALE: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is considered a preferred procedure of superficial femoral artery (SFA) pseudoaneurysm in recent years. However, heterotopic ossification (HO) after SFA pseudoaneurysm is a rare occurrence, that may cause late stent-graft fracture. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 58-year-old male who underwent EVT for SFA pseudoaneurysm 8 years ago presented with a progressive mass at the right thigh and claudication. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed fracture and occlusion of stent-graft, which was compressed by the deep femoral artery (DFA) pseudoaneurysm and a bone-like body. DIAGNOSIS: According to the CTA images, the stent-graft was fractured and occluded, accompanied by DFA pseudoaneurysm. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: Debridement and arterial reconstruction were performed. Pathological analysis showed that the bone-like body was derived from HO. CTA at one-year follow-up showed that the prosthetic vessel was patent and previous hematoma disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: This report demonstrates that residual hematoma can induce HO, which may result in late stent fracture, and it should thus be removed timely. Patients with SFA pseudoaneurysm who have undergone EVT should be followed up regularly.

Comparison of popliteal artery aneurysm outcomes after open repair and endovascular repair: reducing post-operative type II endoleak and sac enlargement.

BACKGROUND: This cohort study aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of open repair (OR) and endovascular repair (ER) and identify the most suitable graft and approach for treating popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) patients. METHODS: The data of PAA patients from January 2000 to August 2020 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The primary endpoints were 30-day mortality, peri-operative complication morbidity, post-operative type II endoleak, and sac- enlargement. The secondary endpoints were primary graft patency, secondary graft patency, the reintervention rate, and overall mortality. RESULTS: A total of 213 PAAs of 186 patients were surgically repaired. The ER group had a significantly lower mean length of hospital stay, blood loss volume, and aneurysm diameter than the OR group. There were no significant differences between the ER and OR groups in terms of average surgery time, 30-day mortality, peri-operative complication morbidity, post-operative type II endoleak, sac enlargement, primary and secondary graft patency, reintervention rate, and overall mortality. However, in the sub-group analysis, autologous vein grafts had significantly higher primary and secondary graft patency rates than expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts and stent grafts. Type II endoleaks and post-operative sac enlargements were less likely to occur in OR patients when the posterior approach was adopted. CONCLUSIONS: We failed to establish any difference in superiority between OR or ER. However, we found that autologous vein grafts have better graft patency and the posterior approach is less likely to lead to type II endoleaks and sac enlargements after the initial PAA surgical procedure. However, more high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials need to be conducted.